Chemical formula is a symbolized representation of a chemical compound. It tells us the type of atom(s) (element) present in the compound and in what ratios. Atoms are indicated by their symbols as shown in the periodic table, and the number of atoms are indicated as subscripts. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O, consists of two hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (O).

A chemical formula may be written in two ways, as an empirical formula or a molecular formula. The empirical formula is commonly used for both ionic compounds (compounds formed by donation and reception of electrons by participating elements, e.g. NaCl (sodium chloride or common salt) and for covalent compounds (compounds formed by sharing of electrons by participating elements, (e.g. CH4, methane). Molecular formula is commonly used for covalent compounds (e.g., C2H6, ethane).

The empirical formula denotes the smallest possible ratio that corresponds to the actual ratio by atoms or formula unit. To construct an empirical formula for an ionic compound, one needs to write the symbol of cations (positively charged ions) first and then the anion (negatively charged ion). Then fulfill the valence requirement of each atom as well as the least possible ratio of atoms present in that compound (e.g., Al2O3 for aluminum oxide). For carbon containing compounds, one needs to write the carbon atom first, then hydrogen atom, followed by other atoms in alphabetical order (e.g., CHCl3 for chloroform).

The molecular formula denotes the actual number of different atoms present in one molecule of that compound. In some cases a compound's molecular formula is the same as its empirical formula (e.g., water H2O, ammonia NH3, methane/natural gas CH4) and in others it is an integral multiple of empirical formula (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, empirical formula is HO and molecular formula is H2O2, which is multiple of two of empirical formula). To construct the molecular formula, one needs to follow the steps as for writing empirical formulas, although the actual number of atoms not the smallest ratio is used. Molecular formulas provide the foundation of structure and the molecular weight of a molecule. Yet, it does not provide a complete picture of a molecule, especially for organic molecules. In almost all organic molecules, only part of the molecule (functional groups) participate in a chemical reaction. Also, for one molecular formula, it is possible to have several compounds or isomers (e.g., for C4H10, two compounds; butane and methyl propane) with totally different physical and chemical properties. Hence, organic chemists can use an expanded version of the molecular formula, called the structural formula.

A compound's structural formula consists of the actual number of atoms in the compound as well as showing where the chemical bonds are between them. It also provides information about length of chemical bond(s) and angle between chemical bonds. A structural formula has several representations: Lewis dot form, bond-line, stick bond notation, valence orbital notation, and projection form. Firstly, Lewis dot form is the simplest representation of communicating a chemical structure. In Lewis dot form, the atoms are represented by their corresponding symbols, and chemical bonds are represented by a pair of electrons or dots. Each chemical bond is represented by a pair of electrons. Thus single bond, double bond, and triple bonds are represented by two, four, and six dots, respectively. One can easily count the sharing (involved in chemical bond formation) and unsharing electrons (not involved in chemical bond formation). Secondly, "bond-line" notation is similar to Lewis dot form except the bonding electrons are replaced by line(s). Therefore, single, double, and triple bonds are represented by one, two, and three line(s) respectively. Thirdly, "stick-bond" notation is the condensed version of bond-line notation. Each end of a open chain with a single line or a line branching out from a open chain or from a closed cyclic structure represents one methyl (CH3) group. Each corner in an open chain or a cyclic structure represents a methylene (-CH2-) group. Functional groups such as alcohol (-OH), aldehyde (-CHO), acid (-COOH), amine (-NH2), ester (-COOR), etc. are represented by their actual atomic symbols. Fourthly, valence orbital notation, in addition to the above information, reveals the shape of orbital or distribution of electron density around atoms. Fifthly, structure of a compound can be represented in a projected form, because atoms in any molecule occupy space or possess three dimensional structure. Projected form can further be represented in wedge, sawhorse, Newman projection, ball and stick, space filling molecular model, and Fischer projection forms. All these projection forms additionally enable one to see the spatial relationship between atoms and rotation around the connecting chemical bonds. Conceptually, projection forms are an advanced level of learning, but they provide almost a complete insight into structure and properties of a molecule.

The individual dihydroxybenzene solutions are mixed with aqueous FeCl₃. 4 mL of FeCl₃ solution are poured into the first conical measure, 10 mL into the second measure and 20 mL into the third measure.
Results:
When treated with aqueous FeCl₃, the aqueous dihydroxybenzene solutions will show the characteristic color change.

Discussion:

Like phenol also catechol and resorcinol do form a colored complex with FeCl₃.

Hydroquinone is oxidized rapidly to p-benzoquinone, which does not generate a colored complex with FeCl₃.

Redox equilibrium between hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone:

Resorcinol shows no redox reaction with Fe³⁺. The two hydroxy groups in the meta position can not form a quinoid system. Thus a redox reaction between resorcinol and Fe³⁺ is impeded.

Catechol is only partially oxidized to o-benzoquinone.

Results:

Discussion:

· Diazotized sulfanilic acid (1) reacts with phenol and the naphtholes forming acid azo dyes (2) The reaction proceeds according to the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

When a-methyl carbonyl compounds react with iodine in the presence of a base, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group (a hydrogens) are subsituted by iodine to form tri iodo methyl carbonyl compounds which react with OH - to produce iodoform and carboxylic acid (2):

Reaction mechanism:

The hydrogen atoms on the methyl group are slightly acidic and can be removed with hydroxide. The carbanion formed then react with iodine molecules to give a iodide ion and a monoiodonated methyl carbonyl derivate. Introduction of the first iodine atom (owing to its electronegativity) makes the remaining hydrogens of the methyl group more acidic. Hence a base-catalized iodination of a monohalogenated methyl carbonyl derivate occurs at the carbon that is already substituted. Finally a tri iodo methyl carbonyl derivate is formed.

The next step is a nucleophilic attack by hydroxide on the carbonyl carbon atom. A carbon-carbon bond cleavage occurs and a triiodomethanide ion departs. The triiodomethanide ion is unusually stable. Its negative charge is dispersed by the three negative iodine atoms. In the last step a proton transfer takes place between carboxylic acid and triiodomethanide ion to form ultimately carboxylate ion and iodoform.

Chemicals:
cyclohexene
benzene
₁₀-2 M aqueous bromine (1.28 g bromine / 800 mL H2O)
₁₀-4 M aqueous KMnO4 (12.6 mg KMnO4 / 800 mL H2O)
Apparatus and glass wares:
4 graduated cylinders with stopper 500 mL
2 pipettes 1 mL, graduated in 0.1 mL
2 pipet bulbs
4 snap-cap vials 10 mL
Experimental procedure:
Two snap-cap vials contain 0.75 mL benzene. 0.8 mL cyclohexene are pipetted into each of two further snap-cap vials. Two collecting cylinders are each filled with 10-2 M aqueous bromine and two further cylinders are filled with 10-4 M aqueous KMnO4. The solutions are mixed with benzene and cyclohexene, respectively
The stoppered cylinders are vigorously shaken.
Results:
Benzene reacts neither with aqueous bromine nor with permanganate solution. Cyclohexene reacts with both aqueous bromine and permanganate. The solution of bromine is decolorized and purple permanganate turns brown.
Discussion:
The decolorization of bromine water is often used as a test for a carbon-carbon double bond. Bromine undergoes electrophilic addition to the double bond of alkenes. In non-aqueous solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, this gives the di-bromo product. For example, reaction with ethylene will produce 1,2-dibromoethane. When used as bromine water, the corresponding bromohydrin is formed instead.

On approaching the electron dense area of the p bond of cyclohexene, the bromine molecule becomes polarized. The electron density of the bromine is shifted, so that one bromine is partially positive and the other is partially negative charged. The Br-Br bond is heterolytically cleaved. The positively charged bromine atom acts as an electrophile, reacting with the C=C double bond. A cyclic bromonium ion is formed. The subsequent attack of the bromide ion on the three-membered ring can proceed only from the back-side, because the front-side attack is sterically hindered. The result is formation of a mixture of two enantiomeric compounds of trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane. (1). When other nucleophiles such as water or alcohol are existing, these may attack the cyclic bromonium ion to give an alcohol or an ether (2).

Also the permanganate hydroxylation is used as a qualitative test for the presence of an alkene (Bayer test). Permanganate converts cyclohexene into a diol. In the course of the reaction purple permanganate is reduced to brown manganese dioxide (3).

Since a syn-hydroxylation takes place, the reaction is thought to involve the formation of an intermediate cyclic hypomanganate ester which is readily hydrolyzed under the reaction conditions to yield the glycol (4). Experiments with 18O-labelled permanganate demonstrate, that the two oxygen atoms of glycol originate on the permanganate and not on the solvent.

Apparatus and glass wares:
3 graduated cylinder with stopper 500 mL
beaker 200 mL
Erlenmeyer flask with stopper 250 mL
temperature probe
temperature measuring device

Experimental procedure:
Using an Erlenmeyer flask with stopper, 108 g of sodium disulfite are dissolved in 200 mL of dist. water. Sodium disulfite dissolves in water to form bisulfite ions. The solution of disulfite is poured into a graduated cylinder containing 116 mL of benzaldehyde. The stoppered cylinder is shaken vigorously. After removing the stopper a temperature probe connected to a temperature measuring device is inserted into the reaction mixture.
Results:

In general, aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. There is a combination of steric hindrance and inductive effects that makes ketones to react slower than aldehydes (2).

- Bulky alkyl groups sterically hinder the approach of nucleophile.
-The electronic effects of alkyl substituents are weakly electron donating. So they make the C atom in carbonyl less electrophilic

The addition of bisulfite is usually employed to purify aldehydes. Aldehydes are isolated from reaction mixtures through its bisulfite derivatives. The addition compound can be split easily to regenerate the aldehyde by treating it with either dilute mineral acid or dilute alkali.

Combustion Engineering
Summary :
a-Combustion :
For the combustion of 1Kg fuel a certain amount of oxygen is required .
b-Kiln gas :
The kiln gas consists of :
1-Combustion products .
2-Excess air of combustion .
3-False air .
4-Gas from raw meal .
c-Analysis of kiln gases :
The orsat-analysis is used to analyze the dry kiln gases , from orsat-analysis we get :
1-Excess air factor ( n ) .
2-Incomplete combustion .
3-Heat consumption .
4-False air .
Combustion
A-Fuel :
We have three types of fuels :
a-Gaseous fuels .
b-Liquid fuels .
c-Solid fuels .
The combustible elements that characterize fuels are carbon , hydrogen and sulfer .The complete combustion of carbon gives carbon dioxide and hydrogen gives water .The products of complete combustion of fuel are CO2 ,H2O ,N2 and O2 .The presence of CO indicates incomplete combustion .
B- Heat of combustion :
Chemical change is accompanied by absorption of heat .Heat values that generated when 1Kg of fuel is completely burned .
Purpose Of The Gas Analysis
The knowledge of the gas composition in a cement plant is important to control the firing of kiln .The following points can be determined :
1-How complete the combustion of fuel .
2-How much excess air .
3-False air .
4-Specific consumption .

Portland Cement Clinker
1 – Clinker Mineralogy .
a – The phases which should theoretically be present in a cooled clinker of this composition .
b – The quantity of each phase which should be present :
I – C3S
II – C2S
III – C3A
IV – C4AF
Phase diagram CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 .
Phase diagram CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3
2 – Real Clinker Minerals .
What are the real chemical compositions of the clinker minerals ?
Pure compounds C3S , C2S , C3A not occur in this simple form , but contain oxides such as MgO , Na2O , K2O , Fe2O3 and Al2O3 .
Using analytical techniques :
a – Electron microprobe analyzer .
b – Energy dispersive analyzer .
Polymorphic modification of clinker minerals
We find that not only chemical composition vary clinker minerals , but some clinker phase also exist in different polymorphic forms , which can exhibit different physical properties .
a - C3S alite
Have 6 polymorphic modification between room temperature and 11000C . The changing appear in the lattice structure .
b - C2S belite ( β-C2S ) .
Have 5 modifications between room temperature and 15000C (γ , β ,α) . The change β to γ and γ to α are irreversible and slow .
c - C3A .
C3A present as a cubic lattice , but Na2O are incorporated within the lattice forming orthorhombic , monoclinic and tetragonal modification but they differ in their reactivates .
d - C4AF .
Pure C4AF is not found .
Quantitative clinker mineralogy
A – Calculation of potential clinker composition . By Bogue , which consider chemical equilibrium has been attained .
1 – Fe2O3+Al2O3+CaO= C4AF
2 - Al2O3+CaO= C3A
3 – SO3+CaO=CaSO4
4 – CaO+SiO2= C2S
5 - C2S+CaO= C3S
6 – MgO free .
# C3S=4.07*CaO-7.6*SiO2-6.72*Al2O3-1.43*Fe2O3-2.85*SO3

#C2S=2.87*SiO2-.754*C3S

Clinker Microstructure
The microstructure or fabric of a clinker is also decisive when considering phenomena such as clinker grinding , cement hydration and hardening .
Microscopical appearance of clinker phase
1 – Alite ( C3S ) .
External Form Alite , the principal constituent of cement clinker , occurs as idiomorphic crystals , i.e sharp-edged crystals .
2 – Belite ( C2S ) .
External Form , round crystal form is the most characteristic shape of belite .
3 – Free Lime ( F.L ) .
Free Lime always appears as rounded spherical crystal .
4 – Aluminates .
Aluminates appear as cubic form .
5 – Ferrite .
Like aluminates appears as cubic form .
6 – Periclase .
Appears as idiomorphic crystal .
Influence of production condition on clinker microstructure
The microstructure of industrially product clinker is influenced by several process parameters :
a – Raw mix properties :
I – Chemical composition .
II – Fineness and mineralogy .
III – Homogeneity .
b – Fuel type .
c – Burning conditions :
I – Burning time / temperature .
II – Kiln atmosphere .
d – Cooling condition :
I – Rate of cooling .

SRC is defined as the hydraulic bonding grey fine powder which is the result from crushing a dry mix made of clinker and gypsum.
Adding and mixing water to it harden this grey fine powder, and this is what makes it resistant to water and able to bare compressive stresses, as well as resistant to sulphates that exist in soil, such as clay soil.
In this type of cement it is necessary to decrease the ratio C3A less than 3.5%, because this component reacts with Ca SO4, which exists in soil or water. The result of this reaction is called Etringite, which is aproximately 277% of the volume of C3A, and causes cracks that leads to concrete failures.
Part of the sulphate resistance cement composition is an adittion of Fe2O3 mixed with row materials. Fe2O3 facilitates the reduction of Etringite and increases C4AF, which does not have the property of expansioning volume; so it has higher resistance against sulphates.
Uses and applications:
It can be used in all concrete constructions such as reinforced concrete foundations, sewage drainage tanks, bridge foundations, piles...which are exposed to be directly affected by sulfates.
It can also be used in sewage concrete pipes and lining steel pipes.
Shelf time:
6 weeks, since the production date.
Safety recommendations:
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Avoid the contact of the cement with the eyes and the skin since it may cause allergic reaction.
Use gloves and glasses to protect hands and eyes in case of spry applications, or manual mixings.
It is no poison, according to all international specification for safety and health.
Packing:
Bags: 50 Kg/bag
Jumbo plastic bags:500 Kg/bag1000 Kg/bag1500 Kg/bag
It is also available in bulk
Storage:
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Storage should be done in a dry place and away from ground moisture.
It is preferable to store it on wooden bases.
Cement should be covered to avoid the rain.
It is recommended not to pile up any more than ten bags, some on others.
How to clean the cement remains of the used tools:
Before setting: by using clean water.
After setting: by using mechanical methods.
Environment concept
It is advised and recommended to follow local environmental instructions.

El Mohandes cement is a very special formula of Ordinary Portland cement that gives relatively delayed initial setting time, early compressive strength for concretes, and moderate heat of hydration for concrete and mortar
Generally, El Mohandes is recommended for mixing concrete in hot weather and suitable to be used in ready mix concrete plants, factory precast concrete elements, and prefabricated concrete units.
Uses and applications:
It can be used in all types of constructions, which need high early compressive strength, such as bridges, tunnels, prefabricated floor, and precast concrete...
Advantages:
1. It gives relatively high early compressive strength after7 days.
2. It gives high final compressive strength (28 days).
3. It gives a relatively delayed setting time and reduces the ratio of concrete normal and super plasticisers admixtures (this admixture is used to delay initial setting time of concrete and give more workability).
Shelf time:
3 months, from the production date.
It is recommended to retest the cement after 6 weeks.
Safety recommendations:
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Avoid the contact of the cement with the eyes and the skin since it may cause allergic reaction.
Use gloves and glasses to protect hands and eyes in case of spry applications, or manual mixings.
Packing:
Bags: 50 Kg/bag
Jumbo plastic bags:500 Kg/bag1000 Kg/bag1500 Kg/bag
It is also available in bulk
Storage:
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Storage should be done in a dry place and away from ground moisture.
It is preferable to store it on wooden bases.
Cement should be covered to avoid the rain.
It is recommended not to pile up any more than ten bags, some on others.
How to clean the cement remains of the used tools:
Before setting: by using clean water.
After setting: by using mechanical methods.
Environment concept

Ordinary Portland Cement was the first cement to be produced all over the world, and the most popular one.
It was named “Portland” because of the similarity in shape and color with the cement material and limestone, which exists in Portland Island, in England.
It is defined as the hydraulic bonding grey fine powder which is the result from crushing a dry mix made of clinker and gypsum.
Adding and mixing water to it hardens this grey fine powder, which is known as the initial setting, and this is what makes it resistant to water and able to bare compressive stresses.
Uses and applications
It can be used in all concrete construction such as reinforced buildings, water tanks, roads, and any other building works, which are not subjected to sulphate effect.
It also can be used in relevant industries of the construction, as prefabricated, to produce hollow and solid blocks, tiles and railway line concrete supports.
Shelf time
3 months, from the production date.It is recommended to retest the cement after 6 weeks.
Safety recommendations
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Avoid the contact of the cement with the eyes and the skin since it may cause allergic reaction.
Use gloves and glasses to protect hands and eyes in case of spry applications, or manual mixings.
Packing:
Bags: 50 Kg/bag
Jumbo plastic bags: 500 Kg/bag 1000 Kg/bag 1500 Kg/bag
It is also available in bulk.
Storage.
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Storage should be done in a dry place and away from ground moisture.
It is preferable to store it on wooden bases.
Cement should be covered to avoid the rain.
It is recommended not to pile up any more than ten bags, some on others.
How to clean the cement remains of the used tools
Before setting: by using clean water.
After setting: by using mechanical methods.
Environment concept
It is advised and recommended to follow local environmental instructions.

A type of Portland cement that generates moderate quantity of heat of hydration and moderate sulphates and chloride salts resistance. The scientific concept of Al Fanar Cement is to comply with the standards of Modified Portland Cement Type II by reducing the final total content of Tri-Calcium Aluminates and Tri-Calcium silicate phases as it hydrates generating bigger quantity of heat of hydration.
Uses and applications
Generally, Al Fanar Cement is recommended for mixing concrete in the media of double exposure to sulphates and chloride ions such as substructures and superstructures subjected to seawater attack. Also it is suitable for concrete elements of large cross sections (mass concrete).
Advantages
1. Moderate heat of hydration that reduces cracks even in mass concrete.
2. Balanced moderate Resistance of sulphates and chlorides.
3. It gives relatively moderate early compressive strength after7 days.
4. It gives high final compressive strength (28 days).
5. It gives a relatively delayed setting time and may reduce the needed dosage of concrete admixtures.
Shelf time
3 months, from the production date. It is recommended to retest the cement after 6 weeks.
Safety recommendations
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Avoid the contact of the cement with the eyes and the skin since it may cause allergic reaction.
Use gloves and glasses to protect hands and eyes in case of spry applications, or manual mixings.
Packing
Bags: 50 Kg/bag
Jumbo plastic bags:500Kg/bag 1000Kg/bag 1500 Kg/bag
It is also available in bulk.
Storage
It is recommended to follow the coming instructions:
Storage should be done in a dry place and away from ground moisture.
It is preferable to store it on wooden ballets.
Cement should be covered to avoid the rain.
It is recommended not to pile up any more than ten bags, some on others.
How to clean the cement remains of the used tools
Before setting: by using clean water.
After setting: by using mechanical methods.
Environment concept
Do not dispose of into water or soil so it is advised and recommended to follow local environmental instructions.

1. SAPONIFICATION :


The Batch Method
Semi Boiled Saponification for the production of medium quality soap is made by a simple mixing and heating process in a Crutcher (soap mixer) and is used for making small (1 to 5 tonnes) batches of laundry or household soap. Any impurities in the raw materials will be present in the finished soap and there is no wasted discharge to drain.
Fully Boiled Saponification for production of good to high quality soaps is made in kettles. This is the commonest form of soap making. It can be used for laundry soap or toilet soap. The Fully Boiled Soap is washed during the process to remove any impurities or glycerine. Batch size is typically 25 to 50 tonnes and 3 to 5 kettles are used. Typical plant outputs are 1 to 5 tonnes per hour. The fully boiled and washed soap (called neat soap) produces soap to international quality standards. Some wastes may need to be discharged to drain if glycerine is not recovered from these wastes (called lye).
The Continuous Process
Continuous Saponification is suitable for the production of all grades of soap up to the highest quality levels. This system is not suitable for production rates of less than 50 tonnes of soap per day. The system can be sized up to soap production rates in excess of 200 tonnes per day.
In the process, raw materials are accurately metered via a special pump to the saponification reactor. Following reaction, the neat soap is separated from the glycerine rich by-product of the reaction. The separation takes place in two main stages, firstly in the rotating disk column, secondly via centrifuge separation. The neat soap is pumped to storage, or directly to vacuum spray drying section.
Since glycerine is valuable, the plant will often include a glycerine recovery section to purify the recovered glycerine.
Continuous Neutralisation is a also a continuous process, but it is significantly simpler than the saponification process. The fatty raw materials in this process are fatty acids rather than palm oil (blends) or tallow.Once again raw materials are accurately metered to a neutralisation reactor. There is no by-product to the neutralisation process, therefore there is no separation stage. The neat soap is pumped to storage, or directly to vacuum spray drying section.

2. DRYING STAGE :

Chilling Roll Method
This process uses chilled rolls to dry the liquid neat soap into soap ribbons. The liquid soap is pumped onto chilled cooling rolls, and immediately solidifies. The solid soap is continuously scraped off the chilling roller as a ribbon or flake and drops into a wooden or plastic tray. When all the trays are full they are placed in racks or trolleys and moved into a Drying Room where they are left for a period to dry or cool.


Vacuum Spray Drying Method
The liquid neat soap is pumped through the heat exchanger and then it is sprayed into the vacuum chamber. The water vapour is extracted by a vacuum system and the final water content of the soap is controlled by adjusting the heat exchanger temperature and the level of vacuum. Typical final moisture levels are 22 % moisture for laundry soap and 13 % for toilet soap.
The soap dries as it passes across the vacuum chamber and sticks to the internal surfaces. It is scraped off by a set of slowly rotating knives and falls into a plodder on which the vacuum spray chamber is mounted. The plodder continuously extrudes soap whilst maintaining the vacuum seal and can deliver noodles for toilet soap or a continuous extrusion for laundry bars.


3. FINISHING STAGE :

The finishing process varies whether the final product is Laundry Soap or Toilet Soap. The customer can choose between semi-automatic and fully-automatic levels of operation, both for individual machines or for complete production lines.

Applications of polypropylene
Polypropylene can be processed by virtually all thermoplastic-processing methods.
Most typically PP Products are manufactured by: extrusion blow moulding, injection moulding.
Flexible Packaging
PP is one of the leading materials used for film extrusion and has in recent years benefited versus cellophane, metals and paper on account of its superior puncture resistance, low sealing threshold and competitive price.

Consumer Products
Products classified in this sector are Housewares, Furniture, Appliances, Luggage, Toys, Battery Cases and other "durable" items for home, garden or leisure use.
Fibre
PP Fibre is utilised in a host of applications including tape, strapping, bulk continuous filament, staple fibres, spunbound, and continuous filament.
Industrial
PP is used to manufacture a range of Sheet, Pipe, Compounding and Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP). With the exception of RTP where Injection Moulding is used, extrusion dominates the conversion process used for these products. Some PP is utilised by the construction sector, most notable domestic drainage pipes.

Detergents and soaps are used for cleaning because pure water can't remove oily, organic soiling. Soap cleans by acting as an emulsifier. Basically, soap allows oil and water to mix so that oily grime can be removed during rinsing. Detergents were developed in response to the shortage of the animal and vegetable fats used to make soap during World War I and World War II. Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, essentially making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with oil and grease.
Modern detergents contain more than surfactants. Cleaning products may also contain enzymes to degrade protein-based stains, bleaches to de-color stains and add power to cleaning agents, and blue dyes to counter yellowing.
Like soaps, detergents have hydrophobic or water-hating molecular chains and hydrophilic or water-loving components. The hydrophobic hydrocarbons are repelled by water, but are attracted to oil and grease. The hydrophilic end of the same molecule means that one end of the molecule will be attracted to water, while the other side is binding to oil. Neither detergents nor soap accomplish anything except binding to the soil until some mechanical energy or agitation is added into the equation. Swishing the soapy water around allows the soap or detergent to pull the grime away from clothes or dishes and into the larger pool of rinse water. Rinsing washes the detergent and soil away. Warm or hot water melts fats and oils so that it is easier for the soap or detergent to dissolve the soil and pull it away into the rinse water. Detergents are similar to soap, but they are less likely to form films (soap scum) and are not as affected by the presence of minerals in water (hard water).

Petrochemicals/Oleochemicals
These fats and oils are hydrocarbon chains which are attracted to the oily and greasy grime.
Oxidizers
Sulfur trioxide, ethylene oxide, and sulfuric acid are among the molecules used to produce the hydrophilic component of surfactants. Oxidizers provide an energy source for chemical reactions. These highly reactive compounds also act as bleaches.
Alkalis
Sodium and potassium hydroxide are used in detergents even as they are used in soap making. They provide positively charged ions to promote chemical reactions.